i would imagine by the amount of light that is able to pass thru the water. theres a machine for that, i forget what its called.... . [edit]. Ah i found it, a spectrophotometer is used to measure light intensity. You take pure water in a small test tube (make sure its completely clean!) and stick it in the machine to calibrate it. Then, you take out the pure water and stick in the sample you want to test. The light intensity measured for that sample is proportional to the clarity of the water.