Question

How can I protect my mathematical discoveries with a patent?

Answer 1

You don't because you cannot. You can, though, copyright them. You really have to do your research to be sure that your math findings have not been published elsewhere as part of another equation or as part of another thesis or question. A patent attorney or a book on copyright will help you through the maze.

Answer 2

you don't "patent" your findings. You publish them before anyone else does and then your credited with whatever discovery or technique it is you published.